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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2020)03-0178-12 |
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论《周礼》中的乡治思路 |
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宋化玉 |
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（南京大学历史学院， 江苏南京， 210023） |
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| 摘 要： 在《周礼》对国家治理的规划中，存在两种并行的思路。其一是从国家层面展开的管理民众，其二是乡间组织的礼治。这两种思路通过乡师与乡大夫在职责上的区分体现出来。《周礼》中的“乡”保留了春秋时期国野制度的原型，而又具有战国时期层级制地域行政的特点，这种“混合型”的制度设计与当时儒家的政治遭遇有关，反映了儒家对战国政治形势的回应。从《仪礼》中的乡饮酒礼、乡射礼，到《周礼》中的饮酒礼和射礼，礼仪的施行范围、参与人员及功能作用都有较大的变化。这些变化可以归结为《周礼》尝试将原来的儒家乡士之礼转化为集权国家之下的地方礼治。《周礼》接续春秋晚期以来儒家重视民间礼教的传统，并将此与统一集权国家的政治趋势相结合，是儒家礼仪由民间走向国家的过渡一环。这种上下协调的思路，在战国中后期儒家各派处理国家与地方治权的诸多主张中独树一帜，并在汉代的政治实践中有多方面的呈现。 |
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| 关键词： 《周礼》；乡治；饮酒礼；底层治理 |
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Ideas of rural governance in Rites of Zhou |
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SONG Huayu |
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（School of History, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China） |
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| Abstract: In the planning of state governance in Rites of Zhou, there are two parallel threads of thinking. One is to rule the public from the state level, and the other is to govern the public with propriety from township organizations. These two lines of thinking are manifested by the differences between the responsibilities and duties of interior district masters (乡师) and grand masters (乡大夫). The interior district (乡) as an administrative unit in Rites of Zhou keeps the prototype of the governing system of combining both the state and the rural in the Spring and Autumn Period and also holds the characteristics of regional administration of hierarchy in the Warring States Period. This kind of “mixed” system design is related to political experiences of the Confucianists at that time, reflecting the Confucianists’ response to the political situation in the Warring States Period. From the drinking ceremony and the archery ceremony in the countryside recorded in the Book of Etiquette to the drinking rites and the archery rites in the Rites of Zhou, there are obvious great changes in the involved scopes, the participants and the functions of the rites, and the changes can be summarized as regional governance through rites under the centralized state that Rites of Zhou attempted to transfer from the original nongovernmental etiquette of the Confucianists. The continuation of Rites of Zhou to maintain the Confucianist tradition of attaching importance to folk etiquette and its combination with the political trend of the united totalitarian state, constitute the transitional part in the process for Confucianist rites to transfer from the folk level to the state level. This line of thinking which balances the folk and the state is unique in various political thoughts about dealing with the national governance and regional governance in the mid and late Warring States Period, and is later implemented in many aspects of the political practices of Han dynasty. |
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Key words: Rites of Zhou; rural governance; the drinking rites; grassroots governance |
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