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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2019)04-0144-07 |
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西方马克思主义视域下的历史主体批判 |
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李高荣 |
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（武汉大学马克思主义学院，湖北武汉，430072） |
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| 摘 要： 正统马克思主义从经济基础和阶级意识两个层面界定了无产阶级的历史主体地位。随着历史的发展和阶级结构的变化，西方马克思主义分别沿着上述两个层面推进了对历史主体的研究。根据理论与实践相统一的原则，将经济基础与阶级意识两个分别对应为实践主体和理论主体。在实践主体的探究上，西方马克思主义在对待历史主体的问题上显示出更为多元的倾向：有对传统革命主体——工人阶级——的坚持，也有对其的扩展和补充——新工人阶级，更有对其的背离——消解工人阶级；在理论主体上，现实政治层面主体的退却，为思想理论主体的研究释放了空间，主要体现在人本主义的马克思主义和法国的马克思主义论述中，他们在形成深刻理论洞见的同时，也使得主体玄学化、形而上学化，大量谈论人的抽象类本质，而忘记了实践中具体的个人，无法在现实中找到摆脱普遍异化的具体策略。这是整个西方左派的总体困境。也是我们在研究西方马克思主义的诸多流派中应该极力避免的重大缺陷。 |
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| 关键词： 实践主体；工人阶级；历史主体；理论主体 |
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Criticism at historical agent under the perspective of western Marxism |
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LI Gaorong |
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（School of Marxism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China） |
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| Abstract: Orthodox Marxism defines proletariat as a historical agent from the two levels of economic base and class consciousness. Following the development of history and the changes in the structure of class, western Marxism advances the research on the historical agent along these two levels respectively. According the principle of unification of theory and practice, these two levels correspond to practical agent and theoretical agent respectively. On the practical agent, western Marxism shows the trend of much more multiplicity on the question of historical agent. Some theorists insist on the traditional revolutionary agent, that is, working class, others extend and supplement it, for example, with the new working class, and still others even deviate from it, such as, by abolishing working class. On the theoretical agent, they retreat from the practical and political agent and release a lot of space for the research on the ideological and theoretical one, which is mainly embodied in the discussion of humanistic Marxism and French Marxism. On the one hand, they get a lot of profound theoretical insights; on the other, they make the agent metaphysical as well. Western Marxism devotes itself to talking about the abstract class nature of human beings, but forgets the practical and concrete individual. They cannot find the specific strategies to get rid of the widespread alienation in practice, which is the biggest overall dilemma for the whole western leftists and the most serious disadvantage for our research on all kinds of branches of Western Marxism. |
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Key words: practical agent; working class; new working class; theoretical agent |
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