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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2026)01-0020-12 |
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第二国际关于马克思主义辩证法的争论及理论启示 |
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谢亚洲，杨景钦 |
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（兰州大学马克思主义学院，甘肃兰州，730000） |
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| 摘 要： 第二国际时期关于马克思主义辩证法的理论交锋构成了马克思主义发展史的重要节点。以伯恩斯坦为代表的修正主义者错误地将辩证法视为马克思理论体系的缺陷。对此，普列汉诺夫、阿德勒、考茨基等正统派理论家从存在论基础、量变质变规律及矛盾规律等维度展开系统辩驳，强调辩证法作为科学研究方法与革命行动指南的双重属性。然而，他们在捍卫辩证法科学性的同时，却因未能领会马克思主义辩证法的革命性变革，而对辩证法的理解发生了偏离。普列汉诺夫将辩证矛盾等同于自然运动现象，使辩证法趋向机械决定论；阿德勒则剥离辩证法的存在论内涵，将其窄化为纯粹的认识论工具；考茨基更是将辩证法混同于进化论，以渐进演化取代了革命的飞跃。要完整把握马克思主义辩证法需立足三个维度：在存在论维度，回归实践哲学的本体论变革，确认主体性实践对客观世界的构序作用；在认识论维度，重构辩证法内容与形式的统一性，揭示其作为批判性认识的本质；在现实维度，坚持历史与逻辑相统一的原则，在具体的历史语境中运用和发展辩证法。 |
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| 关键词： 第二国际；辩证法；普列汉诺夫；马克斯?#38463;德勒；革命 |
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The debate on Marxist dialectics by the Second International and its theoretical implications |
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XIE Yazhou, YANG Jingqin |
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（School of Marxism, Lanzhou University,燣anzhou 730000, China） |
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| Abstract: The theoretical clashes over Marxist dialectics during the Second International period marked a pivotal juncture in the development history of Marxism. Revisionists led by Bernstein viewed dialectics as a fatal flaw in Marx's theoretical system. In response, orthodox theorists such as Plekhanov and Luxemburg mounted a systematic defense from multiple dimensions梩he ontological foundation, the law of quantitative change turning into qualitative change, and the law of contradiction梕mphasizing the dual nature of dialectics as both a scientific research method and a guide for revolutionary action. However, while orthodox theorists effectively defended the objective materialist foundation of dialectics, they collectively fell into the traps of mechanical determinism and positivism: Plekhanov equated dialectical contradictions with natural phenomena, Adler stripped dialectics of its ontological substance to reduce it to an epistemological tool, and Kautsky drifted toward Darwinian evolutionism. These theoretical limitations confined their interpretations of new capitalist forms to the predicaments of economic determinism and technological determinism, ultimately diluting dialectics' critical and revolutionary essence. To fully grasp Marxist dialectics, one must be grounded in understanding in three dimensions: ontologically, returning to the ontological transformation of practical philosophy to affirm the structuring role of subjective practice in the objective world; epistemologically, reconstructing the unity of dialectics' content and form to reveal its essence as critical cognition; and realistically, upholding the principle of unifying history and logic to apply and develop dialectics within specific historical contexts. |
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Key words: the Second International; dialectics; Plekhanov; Max Adler; revolution |
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