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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2025)06-0205-101 |
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马克思与福柯对自由主义政治哲学的两种超越 |
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王雪 |
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（南京大学马克思主义学院，江苏南京，210023） |
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| 摘 要： 福柯与马克思的政治哲学关联是当前学术界的重要议题之一，对这一议题的解答集中体现在二者对于自由主义政治哲学的两种超越之中。这两种超越围绕着三个方面展开：其一，就理论起点而言，福柯沿袭了马克思的历史唯物主义框架，将契约论传统中的“自然主义”置换为“历史主义”，从而摆脱了“自然理性—统治权”框架的本质主义基底；其二，就理论范式而言，近代政治哲学秉承的“权利范式”以法理论证和政制论证虚设了政治理想的“应然状态”，福柯承接着马克思政治经济学批判中的资本权力论题，以“知识-权力”范式内含的“解剖政治”“生命政治”与“政治经济学”的“三位一体”揭示了政治现实中生命为权力管控的“实然状态”；其三，就核心原则而言，自由主义政治哲学力图以“理性主体”为前提进行“政制建构”，福柯则观察到权力对人的生物性存在的侵蚀，以对“生命主体”的关注展开“治理术批判”，从而延续了马克思批判性政治哲学的核心主题。福柯的政治哲学拓展了马克思的历史唯物主义，虽然无法呼应实践政治原则，却为马克思主义政治哲学的进一步发展打开了可能空间。 |
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| 关键词： 马克思；福柯；政治哲学；生命政治；自由主义 |
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Marx’s and Foucault’s two kinds of transcendence of liberal political philosophy |
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WANG Xue |
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（School of Marxism, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China） |
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| Abstract: The connection between Foucault's and Marx’s political philosophies is one of the important topics in current academic circles, and the answer to this topic is embodied in the two kinds of transcendence of liberal political philosophy achieved by the two. These two kinds of transcendence are carried out around the following three aspects. First, in terms of the theoretical starting point, Foucault inherited Marx’s framework of Historical Materialism and replaced the “naturalism” in the social contract tradition with “historicism”, thus getting rid of the essentialist foundation of the “natural reason-sovereignty” framework. Second, in terms of the theoretical paradigm, the “right-based paradigm” adhered to by modern political philosophy fictionalizes the “ought-to-be state” of political ideals through legal argumentation and political system argumentation, while Foucault, inheriting the theme of capital power in Marx’s critique of political economy, reveals the “actual state” in political reality where life is controlled by power, with the “trinity” of “anatomy-politics”, “biopolitics” and “political economy” contained in the “knowledge-power” paradigm. Third, in terms of the core principle, liberal political philosophy strives to carry out “political system construction” on the premise of the “rational subject,” while Foucault observed the erosion of power on human biological existence, and launched the “critique of governmentality” with a focus on the “biological subject”, thus continuing the core theme of Marx’s critical political philosophy. Foucault's political philosophy expands Marx's historical materialism, and opens up a possible space for the further development of Marxist political philosophy, although it cannot correspond to the principles of practical politics. |
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Key words: Marx; Foucault; political philosophy; life politics; liberalism |
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