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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2025)06-0044-011 |
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历史唯物主义与“经济决定论”关系考辨 |
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林锋，闫添 |
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（北京大学马克思主义学院，北京，100871） |
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| 摘 要： 学界流行的看法是将“经济决定论”视为与历史唯物主义根本对立的思维倾向，反对用“经济决定论”来描述历史唯物主义的学术立场。但是反复辨认、推敲马克思、恩格斯文本中的相关论述可知，他们从未将自己的历史唯物主义学说与“经济决定论”简单对立，更未反对和拒斥唯物史观意义上的“经济决定论”。他们反对的是单纯、过度、片面地强调经济因素的决定作用，将此种“决定作用”不分场合、不分领域、以某种夸张方式予以强调的那种违反历史辩证法、带有机械论色彩的“经济决定论”。马克思、恩格斯的诸多论述充分表明，他们是特定意义上的“经济决定论者”。马克思、恩格斯共同创立的历史唯物主义在强调经济因素“归根到底”决定人类社会基本面貌和人类历史总体进程、经济基础“归根到底”决定政治的以及观念的上层建筑这两方面可归类为某种意义上的“经济决定论”。必须特别声明的是，将“经济的决定作用”从他们的历史唯物主义理论体系中剥离，拒绝赋予马克思、恩格斯学说以“经济决定论”称谓，与之截然对立，意味着对历史唯物主义的误解，并导致后者的核心立场无从体现，从而使历史唯物主义不成其为“历史唯物主义”。澄清“经济决定论”与历史唯物主义的真实关系，恢复“经济决定论”在历史唯物主义中的应有地位，有助于深刻理解其核心观点、根本立场，彰显马克思主义哲学的理论特质、理论品格及应有的思维方式。 |
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| 关键词： 马克思；恩格斯；经济决定论；历史唯物主义 |
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A critical examination of the relationship between Historical Materialism and “Economic Determinism” |
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LIN Feng, YAN Tian |
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（School of Marxism, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China） |
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| Abstract: The prevailing academic view considers “Economic Determinism” as a mode of thought fundamentally opposed to Historical Materialism and rejects its application in describing the theoretical stance of Historical Materialism. However, through repeated identification and elaboration of relevant statements in Marx and Engels’ classic texts, it can be found that they have never simply opposed their Historical Materialism theory to “Economic Determinism”, nor have they opposed or rejected “Economic Determinism” in the sense of Historical Materialism. In fact, what they oppose is merely the simple, excessive, and one-sided emphasis on the decisive role of economic factors, which is a kind of “Economic Determinism” that violates historical dialectics and has a mechanistic flavor, regardless of the situation and field. Many of Marx and Engels’s statements fully demonstrate that they are “Economic Determinists” in a specific sense. The Historical Materialism co-founded by Marx and Engels emphasizes that economic factors determine the basic features of human society and the overall course of human history, and that the economic foundation determines the political and ideological superstructure. This can be classified as a form of “Economic Determinism” in a sense. Significantly, stripping the “decisive role of the economy” from Historical Materialism or refusing to give it the title of “Economic Determinism” means a misunderstanding of Historical Materialism and will cause that the core position of Historical Materialism unable to be reflected, thus making Historical Materialism not “Historical Materialism”. Clarifying the true relationship between “Economic Determinism” and Historical Materialism as well as regaining the due place of “Economic Determinism” in the Historical Materialism helps to deeply understand the core ideas and fundamental positions of the Historical Materialism, and highlights the theoretical characteristics, theoretical character, and proper way of thinking of Marxist philosophy. |
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Key words: Marx; Engels; “Economic Determinism”; “Historical Materialism” |
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