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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2025)04-0042-12 |
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矿产资源超量开采的罪与非罪研究——结合新修订的《矿产资源法》展开 |
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王志远,杨可涵 |
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（中国政法大学刑事司法学院，北京，100088） |
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| 摘 要： 在许可的矿区范围内，采矿权人实际采出的矿产品数量超过出让时评估量的情形，被称为超量开采。一方面，超量开采因评估误差不可避免而具有合理性，另一方面，又因涉嫌国有资产流失而缺乏正当性。因此，司法实践中对其如何定性、是否构成非法采矿罪，存在分歧。非法采矿罪的认定以“未取得采矿许可证”为核心。一般情况下，合理误差范围内的超量开采行为，形式上不属于采矿犯罪司法解释明文列举的“未取得采矿许可证”之情形，实质上亦不违反非法采矿罪的规范保护目的，因而不属于司法解释兜底条款“其他未取得许可证的情形”，不构成非法采矿罪。2025年7月1日起施行的新《矿产资源法》规定了采矿权人对储量重大变化具有报告义务，采矿权人知情不报且大幅度超量开采的，可以构成非法采矿罪。此外，国家对部分矿种开采实行总量控制，其超量开采属于特殊情形，需要予以单独讨论。 |
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| 关键词： 超量开采；非法采矿罪；采矿许可证；规范保护目的 |
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On the criminality and non-criminality of over-mining of mineral resources: In combination with the newly amended Mineral Resources Law |
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WANG Zhiyuan, YANG Kehan |
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（School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China） |
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| Abstract: Within a permitted mining area, the situation that an actual output of minerals exceeds the evaluated reserves is called over-mining. On the one hand, over-mining is rational due to the inevitability of evaluation error, yet on the other hand, it most likely involves an unfair cause of state-owned mineral assets loss. As a result, controversies arise in judicial practice on how to define this situation as well as whether it constitutes the crime of illegal mining. Lawfully, the key feature of the crime of illegal mining is centered on “not owning a mining license”. Generally, within a reasonable margin of error, the behavior of over-mining does not belong to the situation of “not owning a mining license” which is explicitly listed in the judicial interpretation of mining crimes, nor does it violate the normative protection purposes of illegal mining crime in essence, so it cannot be covered by the catch-all clause of the judicial interpretation and does not constitute the crime of illegal mining. However, the newly amended Mineral Resources Law which take effect on July 1, 2025 introduces the obligation to a miner to report potential massive inconsistency in reserves while mining. Therefore, if a miner fails to report and over-mines by a large margin, the behavior may get involved in the commitment of illegal mining crime. In addition, over-mining of some special minerals which are bound by a total quantity control policy of the country needs to be discussed and dealt with in particular. |
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Key words: over-mining; crime of illegal mining; mining license; normative protection purpose |
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