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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2025)04-0032-10 |
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马克思对德国古典哲学主体路径的超越 |
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谌中和，宣博方 |
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（复旦大学马克思主义学院，上海，200433） |
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| 摘 要： 从西方近代哲学来看，在关于人自身存在根据的全部思考中，“人的存在何以可能”构成了哲学本体论的重要维度。对这一问题的思考必然内在地涉及人的主体性问题。从主体路径来看，“意识的内在性”构成了近代哲学尤其是德国古典哲学探讨主体性问题的基本思想理路。可以说，这一内在性困境内蕴于德国古典哲学对主体问题的思考范式当中，即使在费尔巴哈谈论感性的、实践的主体时，也面临着主体“活动原则”空场的困境。马克思敏锐地洞察到，要消解近代哲学尤其是德国古典哲学中形而上学的主体性立足点，把“我思”原则遮蔽的主体性真正地揭示出来，首先就要瓦解意识的内在性，并进一步把“存在何以可能”转变为“解放何以可能”。马克思的这种思考不仅克服了德国古典哲学的主体路径囿于意识内在性的局限，也开启了关于主体性问题的全新视域。 |
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| 关键词： 主体性；主客二元对立；现实的人；感性活动；人的解放 |
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Marx’s transcendence over the subject path of German classical philosophy |
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CHEN Zhonghe, XUAN Bofang |
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（School of Marxism, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China） |
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| Abstract: From the point of view of modern Western philosophy, in all the reflections on the basis of man’s own existence, “how man’s existence is possible” constitutes an important dimension of philosophical ontology, and the reflection on this issue is inevitably and intrinsically related to the issue of man’s subjectivity. In terms of subject path, “the intrinsic nature of consciousness” constitutes the basic ideological line of thought for exploring the issue of subjectivity in modern philosophy, especially in classical German philosophy. It can be said that this intrinsic dilemma is embedded in the paradigm of classical German philosophy on the issue of the subject, and there would also exist the dilemma of the subject’s “principle of activity” of the empty field even if Feuerbach talked about the subject of sensibility and practice. Marx had the keen insight that in order to dissolve the metaphysical foothold of subjectivity in modern philosophy, especially in classical German philosophy, and to reveal the subjectivity obscured by the principle of “I think”, it would be essential to first dissolve the intrinsic nature of consciousness, and to further transform the question of “how existence is possible” into the question of “how existence can be possible.” This kind of thinking of Marx not only overcomes the limitation of the path of the subject of classical German philosophy, which is confined to the intrinsic nature of consciousness, but also opens up a completely new perspective on the issue of subjectivity. |
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Key words: subjectivity; subject-object dichotomy; real human beings; sensual activity; human emancipation |
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