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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2025)03-0059-11 |
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自甘风险规则的法理基础与规范解释 |
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蒋建湘，赵媛 |
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（中南大学法学院，湖南长沙，410083） |
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| 摘 要： 在自甘风险规则的司法适用中，文体活动的潜在风险属性与受害者的“自愿参加”相结合，法院常判定受害人需自行承担此类活动所引发的各类损害后果，理论研究中亦存在将自甘风险的免责机理同受害人同意、过失相抵等规则相混淆的问题。自甘风险规则应当仅适用于存在固有风险的文体活动，这里的固有风险是指通常情况下无法避免的损害，因此有必要对其他活动参加者的一般过失行为予以免责，但此举绝非强调受害人存在主观可谴责性。对于“固有风险”的精准识别，应当在具体个案中结合文体活动的特点、具体风险差异、参加者行为自由等因素进行综合权衡。其中，其他参加者故意或重大过失、安全保障义务人过错等导致的损害，虽同样与活动的风险性密切相关，但并不属于固有风险范畴，不能适用自甘风险规则。 |
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| 关键词： 自甘风险规则；过失相抵；文体活动；固有风险；利益衡量 |
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The jurisprudential basis and normative interpretation of the self-willing risk rule |
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JIANG Jianxiang, ZHAO Yuan |
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（School of Law, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China） |
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| Abstract: In the judicial application of the self-willed risk rule, the potential risk attribute of cultural and sports activities is combined with the victim’s “voluntary participation”, and it is often ruled by the court that the victim needs to bear all kinds of damage consequences caused by such activities. In theoretic research, there also exist some problems of confusing the exemption mechanism of self-willed risk with the rules of victim's consent and negligence. The self-willed risk rule should only be applicable to cultural and sports activities with inherent risks, which here refer to damage that would normally be unavoidable, and it is therefore necessary to exempt participants from liability for the ordinary negligence of participants in other activities, but this does not in any way emphasize the subjective reprehensibility of the victims. The accurate identification of “inherent risks” should be comprehensively weighed in specific cases in light of factors such as the characteristics of cultural and sports activities, specific risk differences, and participants' freedom of behaviour. Among them, the damage caused by the intentional or gross negligence of other participants, the fault of the safety and security obliger, etc., although it is also closely related to the risk of the activity, does not belong to the category of inherent risks, and the rule of self-willingness risk cannot be applied. |
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Key words: the self-willed rule; comparative negligence; cultural and sports activities; inherent risk; benefit measurement |
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