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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2025)03-0015-11 |
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“竞争社会”中的“齿轮人”：马克思机器技术批判的历史隐喻 |
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代砚春 |
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（中南大学马克思主义学院，湖南长沙，410083） |
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| 摘 要： 从马克思技术批判的视角来看，机器大工业生产建立了客观化的生产塑形和技术构序模式。“齿轮”不仅表现为机器技术体系具象化的功能性部件，还表征现代人在资本主义“竞争社会”中物性生存的历史性定在，即“齿轮人”在资本逻辑的“自由”驱动中展开在世竞争。资本主义的“自由竞争”机制使“齿轮人”生成了三种面相：一是将“齿轮人”抛入随时被现代生产所舍弃的恐惧中，使其变成“经济上有用而政治上无害”的柔顺个体。二是用资本自由的幽灵性在场掩盖人的自由的空场，使“齿轮人”围绕资本制造的虚假自由空转。三是用现代性的“金钱–自由”幻象将“齿轮人”困在一种悖论式的“有意识的–无意识状态”中，使得竞争者“齿轮人”并未获得真正的自由。在消解“齿轮人”存在样态的方案中，“冷却说”拒绝技术演化，“加速说”赞同资本化的技术加速，二者都不能克服资本主义的“技术范式”。中国式现代化是社会主义技术应用的实践范本，它在制度保障的前提下追求技术发展和成果共享，从而演示了消解“齿轮人”生存、驯服资本的具体可能性，将现代化运动引向共产主义的人类文明新形态。 |
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| 关键词： 自由竞争；“齿轮人”；资本权力；技术批判；中国式现代化 |
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“The gear man” in “the competitive society”: The historical metaphor of Marx’s critique of machine technology |
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DAI Yanchun |
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（School of Marxism, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China） |
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| Abstract: Judging from the perspective of Marx’s critique of machine technology, modern mechanical industry has established an objective production shaping and technological sequence model. The “gear” thus serves not only as a functional component of the concretization of the machine technology system, but also as a contemporary representation of the material survival of modern people in the capitalist “competitive society”. The “gear man” has become the basic image of the capitalist machine technology era and competes in the world driven by the “freedom” of capital logic. The “free competition” mechanism of capitalism generates “gear man” into three aspects: first, placing them in fear of being broken; second, using the ghostly presence of capital freedom to cover up the emptiness of human freedom; third, using the “money-freedom” illusion of modernity to trap “gear man” in a “conscious- unconscious state,” hence rendering “the gear man” as the competitor unable to achieve real freedom. In the solution to dissolve the existence of “gear man”, the “cooling theory” rejects technological evolution, and “the acceleration theory” agrees with the acceleration of capitalized technology, neither of which can overcome “the technological paradigm” of capitalism. Chinese-style modernization is a practical model for the application of socialist technology. It pursues technological development and sharing of achievements under the premise of institutional guarantees, thus demonstrating the specific possibility of dispelling the survival of “gear man” and taming capital, and leading the modernization movement to communism. |
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Key words: free competition; “the gear man”; capital power; technical criticism; Chinese modernization |
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