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文章编号:1672-3104(2025)02-0001-09 |
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“利”“妙”“巧”“道”:先秦匠学体系的四大核心理念 |
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陈望衡 |
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(武汉大学哲学学院,湖北武汉,430072) |
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摘 要: 先秦儒道墨诸家均对中国古代匠学体系的构建做出了贡献。儒家匠学体系的核心理念是“利”,利指器之良。器之良一是能优秀地实现功能,二是合乎礼制。制器有两种利,前一种利关乎生产,是生产力水平的标志;后一种利关乎政治,是国家制度的体现。正是因为这样,制器在中国儒家文化中具有崇高的地位。道家的匠学体系的核心范畴是“妙”。妙是道的审美显现,匠艺工作以道为本,以技为用,以艺为乐,将人与天合上升到天与天合。以天合天即为合道,合道必然生妙。墨子的匠学体系核心概念为“巧”。巧来自法,法来自自然,因此自然有大巧。自然的大巧,人是不能达到的,但人尽可能做到极致,这种极致,墨子称之为“至巧”。至巧对人有利,此利不是统治者之利,而是人民之利、天下之利。三家道论,基本精神相通,各有侧重,最终目的一致,共同构建了中国的匠学体系。 |
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关键词: 匠学体系;利;妙;巧;道 |
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The four core concepts of Pre-Qin Chinese craftsmanship system: Utility, subtlety, ingenuity, and Dao |
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CHEN Wangheng |
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(School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China) |
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Abstract: The Confucian, Daoist and Mohist of the Pre-Qin period all contributed to the formation of the ancient Chinese craftsmanship system. The core concept of the Confucian craftsmanship system is “Utility” which refers to the excellence of artifact. The excellence of artifact is twofold: superior functional performance and adherence to ritual propriety. The former of these two aspects of utility relates to productive efficacy, serving as a marker of technological advancement, while the latter pertains to political order, reflecting the institutional framework of the state. It is for this reason that craftsmanship occupies a revered status within Confucian culture. The core concept of the Daoist craftsmanship system is “Subtlety” which represents the aesthetic manifestation of the Dao. Artisanal praxis takes Dao as its root, technique as its usage, and artistry as its aesthetic joy, hence harmonizing humanity and heaven, and elevating such harmony to the celestial consonance of heaven with itself. This celestial alignment constitutes ultimate attunement with Dao, from which inevitably emerges the numinous subtlety. The core concept of Mohism craftsmanship is “Ingenuity”. Ingenuity arises from laws, which derive from nature. Thus, nature possesses great ingenuity. The great ingenuity in nature is unattainable by humans, but humans can strive towards the utmost, which Mozi designated as “Ultimate Ingenuity”. Ultimate Ingenuity benifits not the rules but the people and the world. The three doctrines share a fundamental coherence in spirit and ultimate purpose, with each respective emphasis. The three collectively construct the Chinese craftsmanship system. |
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Key words: craftsmanship system; utility; subtlety; ingenuity; Dao |
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