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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2025)01-0023-10 |
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马克思对笛卡尔物性理论的继承和修正——基于现象学的视角 |
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刘少明 |
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（复旦大学马克思主义学院，上海，200433） |
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| 摘 要： 笛卡尔认为物的本质是广延，灵魂的本质是思维，因此物相对于思维来说具有超越性。但是，天赋观念可以把握物的广延，使得物可以被认识，所以物是超越性与可认识性的统一。马克思基于现象学式的感性活动理论，继承并修正了笛卡尔的物性理论。第一，笛卡尔的物性理论包含心物异质性和心物一致性的矛盾，马克思则在将心物异质性和一致性放在感性活动的基础上进行了构建，消除了二者的冲突。第二，笛卡尔的物性理论依赖信仰的外在统一，陷入了无限后退的困境。马克思在现象学式的感性活动的内在性统一中揭示了信仰的发生机制，消除了外在统一的无限回退困境。第三，笛卡尔的物性理论是静态化的抽象统一。马克思将这种统一放置到生存性、社会性和历史性的语境中进行阐释，将笛卡尔的物性理论变得更加具体化和立体化。研究马克思对笛卡尔物性理论的继承和修正，对认识笛卡尔和马克思的物性理论及其关联具有重要意义。 |
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| 关键词： 物性理论；超越性；可认识性；笛卡尔；马克思 |
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Marx’s inheritance and modification of Descartes’ “Theory of Physical Property” from the perspective of phenomenology |
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LIU Shaoming |
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（School of Marxism, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China） |
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| Abstract: Descartes believed that the essence of things is extension, and the essence of the soul is thinking, therefore things have transcendence relative to thinking. However, the concept of innate talent can grasp the extension of things, making them recognizable, so things are the unity of transcendence and recognizability. Marx, based on the phenomenological theory of sensory activity, inherited and corrected the shortcomings of Descartes’ theory. Firstly, Descartes’ theory contained the contradiction between the heterogeneity and consistency of the mind and matter, while Marx constructed them on the basis of sensory activity, eliminating the conflict between the two. Secondly, Descartes’ theory relied on the external unity of faith and falls into the dilemma of infinite regression, while Marx revealed the mechanism of belief in the internal unity of phenomenological sensory activities, eliminating the infinite retreat dilemma of external unity. Thirdly, Descartes’ theory was an abstract unity of sectionalization and statics, while Marx interpreted this unity in the context of survival, sociality, and historicity, making Descartes’ theory more concrete and three-dimensional. Studying Marx’s inheritance and revision of Descartes’ theory of the unity of transcendence and recognizability of things is of great significance for understanding Descartes’ and Marx’s theories of things and their connections. |
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Key words: Theory of Physical Property; transcendence; cognizability; Descartes; Marx |
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