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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2024)04-0055-14 |
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德国刑事诉讼中的基本权保障 |
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杨开湘 |
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（中南大学法学院，湖南长沙，410083） |
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| 摘 要： 《刑事诉讼法》修改增加的“尊重和保障人权”条款是我国刑事诉讼立法上的巨大进步，但是，我国刑事司法人权保障在制度和实践中仍有提升空间。观诸域外法制，德国法上的刑事司法人权保障关联到宪法上的基本权保障，将刑事诉讼中的基本权干预上升到宪法审查高度，联邦宪法法院遵循法治国原则为强制措施、侦查干预、审前羁押等刑事诉讼行为设置严格的宪法上的程序保护机制，不失为一种完善我国刑事司法人权保障可借鉴的制度模式。在德国刑事诉讼制度中，以惩罚犯罪名义实施的刑事诉讼行为被认定为基本权干预行为时，均需获得宪法上的正当化；刑事侦查中的基本权保障根据法官保留原则进行实质性审查，对全部侦查行为设定分级审查程序机制，并在刑事个案办理中对查明犯罪真相设定具体的审查限制；刑事司法的基本权保障所覆盖的权利主体范围在宪法法院判例中得到不断扩展，明确保障被追诉人、被害人、证人、辩护人等刑事诉讼主体及其基本权利；与合宪性意义上的刑事诉讼原则共生的一系列程序权利，构成基本权保障较为完整的程序保护机制。 |
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| 关键词： 德国刑事诉讼；基本权干预；基本权保障；司法人权保障 |
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The guarantee of fundamental rights in criminal procedure in Germany |
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YANG Kaixiang |
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（School of Law, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China） |
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| Abstract: The provision of the clause of "respecting and protecting human rights" in the amendment of China's Criminal Procedure Law is a significant progress in China's criminal justice system, however, there is still much space for improvement in the judicial protection of human rights in China's criminal justice system and practice. After reviewing the law systems of various foreign countries, it is found that in German laws, the judicial protection of human rights in criminal procedure is linked to the guarantee of fundamental rights in constitution, raises the intervention of fundamental rights in criminal procedure to the height of constitutional investigation, and the Federal Constitutional Court abides by such principles of governance by law as constitutional procedure-protection mechanism that is strictly stipulated in criminal procedure, including coercive measures, investigation intervention, pretrial detention, etc. This can yet be regarded as a legal model for institutional reference in improving human rights protection in China’s criminal laws. In German criminal procedure system, when the criminal procedural activities in the name of punishing crimes are identified as fundamental rights intervention, they need to be justified in the Constitutional Law (German Basic Law); the guarantee of fundamental rights in criminal investigation is to be reviewed substantively according to the principle of judge reservation, to set a classified review procedure mechanism for all investigative activities, and to stipulate specific review restrictions on finding the truth of crimes in the handling of criminal case; the scope of right subjects covered by the protection of fundamental rights of criminal justice has been continuously expanded in the cases decided by Federal Constitutional Court, clearly protecting the subjects and their basic rights, such as the accused, victims, witnesses, defence attorneys, etc; according to a series of procedural rights coexisting with the criminal procedure principle in the sense of constitutionality, a complete procedural mechanism for the protection of fundamental rights is thereby formed. |
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Key words: German criminal procedure; violation of fundamental rights; protection of fundamental rights; judicial protection of human rights |
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