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| 文章编号：1672-3104(2024)04-0014-11 |
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《资本论》的时间辩证法：资本逻辑的时间叙事及其解放 |
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白刚，王世强 |
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（吉林大学哲学社会学院，吉林长春，130012） |
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| 摘 要： 《资本论》的时间概念与资本批判紧密相连。马克思在该书中分析指出，时间在资本的作用下呈现出具体和抽象的二重性质。具体时间与个体的社会劳动结合在一起，抽象时间则表现为价值的独立运动。资本周转与时间转化交织浸润，资本逻辑的建构体现为从具体转化为抽象的时间规范。作为一种将时间抽象化的强制力量，资本将个体的生命时间统摄于它的结构之内，这导致劳动者无可规避地处于被奴役和支配的异化状态。除了建构时间的抽象统治结构，资本主义还造就了一种瓦解资本逻辑的历史动力——从抽象还原到具体的自由时间。资本增殖的空间来源于劳动者被压缩的可支配的自由时间，只有对资本的批判“代表一个阶级”，劳动者才能真正推翻时间的抽象统治。要完全超越资本，必须要在整个社会范围内解放自由时间。只有在社会主义社会中，时间才能从异化劳动的空间转化为自由发展的空间。马克思在《资本论》中的上述分析，不仅解开了“资本之谜”，也解开了“时间之谜”和“自由之谜”，在揭示资本逻辑限度的同时，为当代社会主义世界中人的自由解放指明了方向。 |
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| 关键词： 《资本论》；资本逻辑；具体时间；抽象时间；自由时间 |
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The dialectics of time in Das Kapital: The temporal narrative of capital logic and its liberation |
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BAI Gang, WANG Shiqiang |
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（School of Philosophy and Society, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China） |
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| Abstract: The concept of time in Das Kapital is closely linked to the critique of capital. Marx's analysis in the book points out that time has the duality of being concrete and abstract under the effect of capital. Concrete time is combined with individual social labor, while abstract time is manifested as an independent movement of value. Capital turnover and time transformation are interwoven and infiltrated, and the construction of capital logic is reflected in the transformation from concrete time to abstract time norm. As a coercive force that abstracts time, capital controls individual life time within its structure, which leads to the alienation of the laborer in an inevitable state of slavery and domination. In addition to the construction of the abstract governing structure of time, the capitalism also creates a historical dynamic to disintegrate the logic of capital, that is, the free time from the abstract back to the concrete. The space for the proliferation of capital derives from the compressed free time at the hands of workers, and only when the critique at the capital "stands for a class," can laborers truly overturn the abstract rule of time over individuals. To transcend capital completely, it is necessary to liberate free time throughout the whole society. Only in a socialist society can time be transformed from the space of alienated labor to the space of free development. The above analysis that Marx makes in his Das Kapital not only solves the "mystery of capital", but also solves the "mystery of time" and the "mystery of freedom," disclosing the logical limit of capital, and meanwhile pointing out the direction for the human free liberation in the contemporary socialist world. |
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Key words: Das Kapital; capital logic; concrete time; abstract time; free time |
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